![]() ![]() In deontic modality, an obligation emanates from an external source, whereas in dynamic modality an internal condition of the subject is relevant for the completion of the event (Magni, 2010, p. Following Palmer (2001), epistemic modality conveys the speaker’s judgement over the whole proposition, whereas deontic and dynamic modalities refer to the event, and are essentially prospective, in the sense that the event they relate to is not yet actualized (Palmer, 2001, p. Ĥ Linguistically speaking, necessity and possibility can encompass diverse modal values: epistemic, deontic, and dynamic. Accordingly, all the examples in (1) are cases of strong assertion, since the weaker member of the opposition ( posse ) is being used in the double-negation setting to signify debere. 1ģ There is an implication relationship between necessity and possibility which is responsible for the fact that “double negatives of the logical form ‘not V not’ will thus result in stronger assertions than V’, if V is the weaker (entailed) member of the dual opposition: but weaker assertions than V’, if V is the stronger (entailing) member” (Horn, 1978, p. 1 nec = necessity poss = possibility p = proposition.So too in deontic (obligation and permission-based) logics, an act is permissible by definition if there is no obligation not to perform it”, says Horn (1978, p. In all three cases, the logical equivalence is the one expressed in (2) through a pair of duals, in which “what is necessarily the case is impossible not to be the case, and vice versa. ‘It is not possible for a good man not to do what he does for he will not be good, unless he has done so…’Ģ This is a special case of double negation where two negative operators have scope on different lexical entities, and even so, the outcome is an affirmation. Vir bonus non 1 potest non 2 facere quod facit non enim erit bonus, nisi fecerit… (Sen. ‘For other griefs are lessened with age, this one cannot but increase day by day with my feeling of present misery and my memory of life gone by.’ Nam ceteri dolores mitigantur vetustate, hic non 1 potest non 2 et sensu praesentis miseriae et recordatione praeteritae vitae cottidie augeri. It is not possible for a bill not to be a law, provided that it has been approved in a legitimate assembly.”’ A bill is a kind of law if something is a law, it is not necessarily a bill. ‘Consequently Gallus Aelius says: “This is the difference between a law and a bill. non 1 potest non 2 esse lex, si modo iustis comitiis rogata est.” (Fest., p. Rogatio est genus legis quae lex, non continuo ea rogatio est. ![]() Itaque Gallus Aelius ait: “Inter legem et rogationem hoc interest. The logical equivalenceġ Examples like those in (1) convey a meaning of necessity, although it is lexically expressed by means of possum. I would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their corrections and suggestions, which I have taken into account any remaining faults are my own responsibility. ![]()
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